Stent/graft assembly

ABSTRACT

A stent/graft assembly includes a tubular graft having an upstream end, a downstream end and a tubular passage between the ends. The assembly also includes a tubular stent having an upstream end, a downstream end and a tubular passage. The upstream end of the tubular graft is affixed in substantially end-to-end relationship with the downstream end of the tubular stent. The affixation may employ sutures, bonding, hooks or the like. The end-to-end connection may also require a slight overlapping to ensure an adequate affixation. The end-to-end disposition of the tubular graft and tubular stent reduces the cross-sectional profile of the stent/graft assembly. One or more wires may extend from the tubular stent through the tubular graft for anchoring near the downstream end of the tubular graft. The wire prevents axial collapsing of the tubular graft and provide radial support for the tubular graft.

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/900,241 and application Ser. No. 09/961,825.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The subject invention relates to a stent and graft assembly for treating vascular anomalies, such as aneurysms.

[0004] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0005] Vascular anomalies are considered to include blood vessels that are damaged, weakened or otherwise impaired. The anomaly may include a local change in the cross-sectional dimensions of the blood vessel. For example, aneurysms include a local area where a blood vessel expands to a larger cross-sectional area due to disease, weakening or other damage.

[0006] The aorta extends from the heart and through the abdomen. The abdominal aorta then feeds abdominal organs and the right and left iliac arteries that bring blood to the right and left legs respectively. The aorta is prone to aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms that are not treated in a timely manner can lead to rupture, occlusion, infection or the production of emboli which can flow downstream and occlude a smaller blood vessel. A ruptured aortic aneurysm typically is fatal due to a loss of the large volume of blood that flows through the abdominal aorta.

[0007] Aneurysms can be corrected by grafts. The typical graft is implanted surgically by accessing the site of the aneurysm, cutting open the aneurysm and then surgically forming an appropriate fabric into a tubular shape that spans the aneurysm. Thus, upstream and downstream ends of the prior art graft are sutured to healthier regions of the blood vessel.

[0008] The prior art also includes endovascular grafts. An endovascular graft comprises a flexible tubular member formed from a synthetic fabric. The graft is selected to have an outside cross-sectional dimension that approximates the inside cross-sectional dimensions of the blood vessel on either side of the aneurysm. The graft also is selected to have a length that exceeds the length of the damaged area of the blood vessel. An unsupported flexible tubular graft has a tendency to collapse in the presence of the flowing blood and could be transported downstream by the blood flow. As a result, endovascular grafts are used in combination with a stent. Stents take many forms, including balloon expandable stents and self-expanding stents, but typically are resilient cylindrical members that are inserted axially through the tubular graft prior to insertion into the blood vessel. The stent and the graft are sutured together prior to deployment so that the opposed ends of the stent align with the opposed ends of the graft. The endovascular graft assembly then is inserted through a healthy region of the blood vessel and is advanced through the circulatory system to the aneurysm or other damaged region of the blood vessel. More particularly, the endovascular graft assembly is advanced to a position where the endovascular graft assembly bridges the aneurysm or other damaged portion of the blood vessel. However, the opposed axial ends of the endovascular graft assembly extend beyond the aneurysm. The stent then is expanded to hold the graft in an expanded tubular condition with at least the opposed axial end regions of the graft being urged tightly against the interior of healthy regions of the blood vessel. The stent and the graft of the prior art endovascular graft assembly are coaxial, and longitudinally coextensive.

[0009] Prior art assemblies of stents and grafts typically perform well. However, the coaxially and longitudinally coextensive arrangement of the stent and graft has resulted in a cross-sectionally large assembly. A cross-sectionally large graft and stent assembly can be difficult to insert and deliver intravascularly to the damaged section of the blood vessel and may require surgery.

[0010] The inventor herein has developed low-profile stent/graft structures, as shown for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,015,422, 6,102,918 and 6,168,620.

[0011] In view of the above, it is an object of the subject invention to provide improvements in vascular stent and graft assemblies that provide a small cross-section and low profile.

[0012] It is also an object of the invention to provide an endovascular stent and graft assembly that can be introduced easily into and through the damaged or diseased section of a blood vessel.

[0013] A further object of the subject invention is to provide a system of endovascular stents and grafts that can be assembled intravascularly through damaged regions of a blood vessel.

[0014] Another object of the invention is to provide an endovascular stent/graft assembly that prevents migration of the assembly after deployment.

[0015] An additional object of the invention is to provide an endovascular stent/graft assembly for treating patients with short and/or angulated vascular necks adjacent an aneurysm.

[0016] Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system of endovascular grafts and stents that will prevent an aneurysm from filling with blood that flows into the aneurysm from small side blood vessels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0017] The subject invention is directed to an endovascular graft assembly that comprises at least one tubular vascular graft and at least one fixation device. The tubular graft and the fixation device are connected substantially in end-to-end relationship with little or no longitudinal overlap. In certain embodiments, the substantially end-to-end relationship of the tubular graft and the fixation device may include a small axial space between the tubular graft and the fixation device. One or more connecting wires may bridge the space between the axially align tubular graft and fixation device. The tubular graft has a length that exceeds the length of a damaged section of a blood vessel that is being repaired by the endovascular graft assembly. The tubular graft also has a cross-sectional size that is about 10%-30% wider than the cross-sectional size of the blood vessel that is being repaired. The tubular graft preferably is formed from a synthetic material, such as a material formed from an ultra thin polyester fiber, or other vascular graft materials known to those skilled in this art.

[0018] The fixation device may comprise a generally tubular stent. One end of the tubular stent is securely affixed to one end of the tubular graft. The end-to-end fixation of the graft to the stent preferably is carried out with little or no telescoping between the tubular graft and the stent. However, a slight amount of telescoping (e.g. 0-20 mm) may be required to ensure a secure and substantially permanent interengagement. The connection between the tubular graft and the tubular stent may be achieved by hooking, stitching, fusing or other such secure connection techniques. The connection need not be continuous around the peripheries of the stent and the tubular graft. Thus, the stent and the tubular graft merely may be connected at one location on their respective ends or at plural spaced-apart locations.

[0019] The fixation device need not be a tubular stent. Rather, the fixation device may comprise a plurality of hooks that extend from at least one longitudinal end of the tubular graft. The hooks can be engaged with healthy sections of blood vessel on either side of an aneurysm. The fixation device may further include an annular ring affixed to an axial end of the tubular graft, and the hooks may project axially from the ring. The ring functions to keep the tubular graft open during insertion of the endovascular graft assembly into the blood vessel.

[0020] The endovascular graft assembly further comprises an internal stent to provide radial support for the tubular graft of the endovascular graft assembly. However, unlike prior art endovascular graft assemblies, the internal stent of the subject invention is deployed after the end-to-end assembly of the fixation device and tubular graft have been positioned properly across the aneurysm. The internal stent may be a balloon expandable stent or a self-expanding stent. However, the insertion of the internal stent after the insertion of the end-to-end assembly of the fixation device and tubular graft greatly facilitates the deployment of the entire endovascular stent/graft assembly to the proper location.

[0021] The endovascular graft assembly may further include at least one support that extends from the fixation device into the graft to prevent the graft from collapsing radially or axially during or after installation and/or to provide radially outward support for the graft. The support may comprise at least one longitudinally extending wire extending from the fixation device substantially entirely through the graft and then anchored at the axial end of the graft opposite the stent. The support may alternatively comprise a coil extending substantially from the fixation device, through the graft and to the end of the graft opposite the fixation device. The support may be connected to the fixation device or unitary with portions of the fixation device.

[0022] The endovascular graft assembly may comprise at least two fixation devices connected respectively to opposite ends of a tubular graft. The endovascular graft assembly may further comprise a plurality of tubular grafts connected respectively to opposite axial ends of fixation devices. The tubular graft and tubular fixation devices need not be all of identical cross-sectional sizes. Additionally, the assembly may comprise plural fixation devices connected axially to the legs or branches of a bifurcated or trifurcated graft, such as a graft having an inverted Y-shape. Furthermore, certain components of the assembly may be assembled intravascularly and intraoperatively. The end-to-end connection of a tubular fixation device and a tubular graft provides advantages over a graft that is at least partly coextensive with a tubular stent. In particular, the cross-sectional dimension of the preferred assembly is smaller than an assembly with the tubular graft and tubular stent at least partly coextensive with one another, and hence insertion is easier. However, the end-to-end axial connection of a tubular graft with a tubular fixation device has advantages that can be applied to a coextensive tubular graft and tubular stent. For example, one or more tubular grafts may be assembled preoperatively with one or more tubular stent. This assembly can include a single tubular graft with a single tubular stent inwardly therefrom, a tubular graft with a plurality of axially spaced tubular stents inwardly therefrom or an assembly with one or more tubular stents disposed between concentrically disposed inner and outer tubular grafts. Any of these tubular stent/graft assemblies can be connected in end-to-end relationship with a fixation device. Such an end-to-end combination would not achieve the small cross-section and easy insertion of the above reference preferred embodiment. However, the end-to-end connection of a fixation device and an assembly with a tubular graft and one or more tubular stents can achieve enhanced fixation and can prevent the assembly of the tubular graft and tubular stents from drifting in the blood vessel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0023]FIG. 1 is an elevational, partly in section, view of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.

[0024]FIG. 2 is an enlarged elevational view, partly in section, of a connection between the stent and graft of the assembly in either FIG. 1.

[0025]FIG. 3 is an enlarged elevational view partly in section, similar to FIG. 2, but showing an alternate connection between the stent and the graft.

[0026]FIGS. 4A and 4B are enlarged elevational views, partly in section, showing a further alternate connection between the stent and the graft.

[0027]FIG. 5 is an elevational view of the graft with hooks for fixation to the stent or to a blood vessel.

[0028]FIG. 6 is an elevational view similar to FIG. 5, but showing hooks on the tubular stent.

[0029]FIG. 7 is an elevational view of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention.

[0030]FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of the endovascular stent/graft assembly of FIG. 1 inserted into a blood vessel.

[0031]FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of an insertion of the endovascular stent/graft assembly of FIG. 1 into the abdominal aorta.

[0032]FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the endovascular stent/graft assembly of FIG. 1 deployed through the right iliac artery and then inserted into the left iliac artery.

[0033]FIG. 11 is an elevational view, partly in section of a third alternate endovascular stent/graft assembly.

[0034]FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the subject invention.

[0035]FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the subject invention.

[0036]FIG. 14 is a side elevational view of the endovascular stent/graft assembly of FIG. 13 with a cross-sectional variation along the length of the graft to accommodate cross-sectional variations of the blood vessel.

[0037]FIG. 15 is a schematic view of a modular endovascular stent/graft assembly that represents a sixth embodiment of the invention intended primarily for deployment into the abdominal aorta and adjacent regions of the left and right iliac arteries.

[0038]FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a seventh embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the invention.

[0039]FIG. 17 is a schematic view of an eighth embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the invention.

[0040]FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a variation of the eighth embodiment.

[0041]FIG. 19 is a schematic view of a modular endovascular stent/graft assembly that represents a ninth embodiment of the invention intended primarily for deployment into the abdominal aorta and adjacent regions of the left and right iliac arteries.

[0042]FIG. 20 is a schematic view of a variation of the stent/graft assembly of FIG. 19.

[0043]FIG. 21 is a schematic view of a tenth embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the invention.

[0044]FIG. 22 is a schematic view of an eleventh embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the invention.

[0045]FIG. 23 is a schematic view of a twelfth embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the invention.

[0046]FIG. 24 is a schematic view of a thirteenth embodiment of an endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0047] An endovascular stent/graft assembly in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention is identified generally by the numeral 10 in FIG. 1. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 includes a substantially tubular graft 12 having a flexible wall formed from a synthetic material, such as a polyester material that is substantially impervious to fluid transmission or that becomes substantially impervious after exposure to blood. The tubular graft 12 has an upstream end 14, a downstream end 16 and a fluid passage 18 extending between the ends. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 further comprises a tubular stent 20 having an upstream end 22, a downstream end 24 and a passage 26 extending between the ends. The tubular stent 20 may be of known construction and may be formed from materials that are known to those skilled in the art of treating vascular anomalies with endovascular stent/graft assemblies, such as polyethylene terepthalate and PTFE, including materials sold under the trademarks DACRON® and GORTEX®.

[0048] The terms upstream and downstream used to define the ends of the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20 are employed with reference to the direction of blood flow existing during insertion of a stent graft assembly 10. More particularly, the endovascular stent/graft assembly preferably will be inserted into a blood vessel such that the tubular stent 20 is upstream and facing into the flow of blood. The tubular graft 12 then will trail behind the stent relative to the direction of insertion of the endovascular stents/graft assembly 10 and relative to the direction of the blood flow. This preferred orientation of the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 will enable the much more flexible tubular graft 12 to perform much in the nature of a wind-sock that is urged into an extended condition by forces exerted by the blood flow. A reversed insertion, of this first embodiment, on the other hand, could cause the flexible tubular graft 12 to collapse in response to the blood flow.

[0049] As shown generally in FIG. 1 and more specifically in FIGS. 2 and 3, the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20 are connected substantially in end-to-end axial relationship. More particularly, as shown in FIG. 2, the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12 is butted against the downstream end 24 of the tubular stent 20 to achieve a true end-to-end axial connection between the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20. This pure axial end-to-end abutment can be achieved by fusing, suturing or other known connection means that will be appreciated by persons skilled in this art.

[0050] The true end-to-end axial connection may be difficult to achieve with certain material employed for the tubular graft and the tubular stent. In these situations, a substantially end-to-end axial connection can be achieved with a slight telescoping overlap as shown schematically in FIG. 3. With this optional arrangement, the inner circumferential surface of the tubular graft 12 adjacent the upstream end 14 may be telescoped slightly over the outer circumferential surface of the tubular stent 20 adjacent the downstream end 24. Sutures, fusing or other known connections then may be employed to permanently affix the slightly overlapped ends of the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20.

[0051]FIGS. 2 and 3 depict substantially continuous connection between the annular periphery at the upstream end of the tubular graft 12 and the annular periphery at the downstream end 24 of the tubular stent 20. However, such a continuous connection may not be required in many situations. Rather, one or more points of contact and affixation may be sufficient between the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12 and the downstream end of the tubular stent 20. As noted above, end-to-end axial connection may comprise true end-to-end connection or a connection with a slide telescope overlap between the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20, as shown in FIG. 3.

[0052] As a further alternate, substantially end-to-end axial relationship may comprise an axial gap between the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A shows the general concept of an axial gap between the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20 prior to deployment. FIG. 4B shows one optional deployment. The axial spacing can provide even further advantages for the deployment and positioning of the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20. In this embodiment, at least one connecting wire 15 is connected to both the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20 and bridges the gap between the axially aligned tubular graft 12 and tubular stent 20. The connecting wire 15 maintains the spaced disposition between the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20. In this embodiment, as well as others, a guide wire 17 may be used to guide the stent/graft assembly 10 during deployment. With reference to FIG. 4B, the tubular stent 20 may be disposed upstream from the renal arteries and upstream from the visceral arteries shown by broken lines in FIG. 4. The tubular graft 12 has an upstream end disposed between the aneurysm and the renal arteries. The wires 15 extend between the graft 12 and the tubular stent 20. Hence, the stent/graft assembly is anchored efficiently in a healthy section of the aorta upstream from the aneurysm. Additionally, blood flow to and from the renal arteries and the visceral arteries is ensured by the axial gap between the tubular graft 12 and the stent 20. The wires 15 bridge the gap between the graft 12 and the stent 20.

[0053] The endovascular stent/graft assembly 12 further comprises an internal stent 27 that is deployed after the end-to-end connected tubular graft 12 and tubular stent 20 are in place. The internal stent 27 may be a balloon expandable stent or a self-expanding stent and functions to maintain tubular graft 12 in an expanded non-occluded condition. Furthermore, the internal stent 27 maintains outer circumferential surface regions of the tubular graft 12 near the upstream and downstream ends 14 and 16 in face-to-face engagement with the inner surface of the blood vessel upstream and downstream from the aneurysm. The insertion of the internal stent 27 after positioning the tubular graft 12 and the tubular stent 20 is considerably easier than the prior art endovascular grafts that simultaneously attempt to advance a coaxial arrangement of graft and stent that are longitudinally coextensive with one another.

[0054] An alternate end-to-end connection between the tubular graft 12, as shown in FIG. 5, includes a plurality of hooks 28 woven or otherwise incorporated into the tubular graft 12 to extend axially beyond at least the upstream end 14. The hooks 28 on the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12 can be engaged into the circumferential surface of the blood vessel. Thus, the hooks 28 function as a fixation device that is an alternate to the tubular stent 20 shown in FIGS. 1-3. The hooks 28 can be mounted to an annular ring (not shown) that can be affixed to the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12. Thus, the combination of the ring and the hooks 28 may function as the fixation device. A variation of the FIG. 5 embodiment, the hooks 28 at the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12 can be engaged into portions of the tubular stent 20 adjacent the downstream end 24. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6, hooks 30 may extend axially beyond the downstream end 24 of the tubular stent 20 for engagement with portions of the tubular graft 12 adjacent the upstream end 14.

[0055]FIG. 7 shows an endovascular stent/graft assembly 32 in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 32 includes a tubular graft 12 substantially identical to the tubular graft 12 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. The stent/graft assembly 32 further includes an upstream tubular stent 20 substantially identical to the tubular stent 20 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. However, the stent/graft assembly 32 further includes a downstream stent 34. The downstream stent 34 has an upstream end 36, a downstream end 38 and a tubular passage 40 extending between the ends. The upstream end 36 of the downstream stent 34 is connected in substantially end-to-end relationship with the downstream end 16 of the tubular graft 12 by any of the connection arrangements depicted respectively in FIGS. 2-6. The downstream stent 34 can be connected to the tubular graft prior to insertion of the stent/graft assembly 32 into the blood vessel. Alternatively, the sub-assembly of the tubular graft 12 and the upstream stent 20 can be inserted into the blood vessel substantially as shown in FIG. 1. The downstream stent 34 then can be inserted subsequently and connected intraoperatively to the downstream end 16 of the tubular graft 12.

[0056] As noted above, and as illustrated generally in FIG. 1, the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 is fixed into the blood vessel with the tubular graft 12 in a downstream position relative to the tubular stent 20. This orientation, does not, however, imply a required direction of insertion. For example, as depicted in FIG. 8, a catheter C is employed to insert the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 into a blood vessel V along the direction of flow and the tubular graft 12 leading the tubular stent 20. Thus, despite the slow movement of the catheter C and the stent/graft assembly 10 through the blood vessel V in the direction of the blood flow, the tubular graft 12 will extend axially beyond the tubular stent 20 with a substantially wind-sock effect as described above and as shown in FIG. 8. Alternatively, the catheter C can be used to insert the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 in opposition to the direction of blood flow, but with the tubular stent 20 in the upstream position and leading the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 into the direction of blood flow. More specifically, FIG. 9 schematically depicts the insertion of the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 through the right iliac artery 40 and into the abdominal aorta 42, with the tubular stent 20 in the upstream position relative to the tubular graft 12, and with the tubular stent 20 leading the insertion against the direction of blood flow.

[0057] In certain procedures, the stent/graft assembly may start in a direction against the flow of blood but move into a different blood vessel to follow the flow of blood. More particularly, FIG. 10 depicts the insertion of the stent/graft assembly 10 into the right iliac artery 40 for eventual insertion into the left iliac artery 44. The initial part of this insertion will have the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 inverted relative to the preferred and eventual orientation. Thus, the tubular graft 12 may initially be in an upstream position, and accordingly may collapse somewhat during the initial stages of the insertion. However, the tubular graft 12 of the stent/graft assembly will move into the downstream position relative to the tubular stent 20 as the stent/graft assembly 10 moves into the left iliac artery 44. Thus, any collapsing of the more flexible graft 12 that may have occurred during initial insertion through the right iliac artery 40 will be offset by the above-described wind-sock effect as the stent/graft assembly 10 moves into the left iliac artery 44.

[0058] In certain instances, it may be desirable to provide support for the tubular graft 12 of the stent/graft assembly 10. For example, a third embodiment of the endovascular stent/graft assembly is identified generally by the numeral 46 in FIG. 11. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 46 includes a tubular graft 12 with an upstream end 14, a downstream end 16 and a tubular passage therebetween, substantially as in the first and second embodiments. The stent/graft assembly 46 further includes a tubular stent 20 having an upstream end 22, a downstream end 24 and a tubular passage 26 extending between the ends. As in the first embodiment, the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12 is affixed in substantially end-to-end relationship with the downstream end 24 of the tubular stent 20. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 46 differs from the first embodiment by the inclusion of a single wire 48 extending from the tubular stent 20 axially along the tubular graft 12 and affixed to the tubular graft 12 in proximity to downstream end 16. The wire 48 ensures that the tubular graft 12 will remain substantially in an extended condition and will prevent the downstream end 16 of the tubular graft 12 from collapsing toward the tubular stent 20. The provision of the wire 48 may be helpful, for example, in instances depicted in FIG. 10 where an endovascular stent/graft assembly may travel in counter flow direction with the tubular graft 12 in an upstream position relative to the tubular stent 20. Thus, the wire 48 allows the assembly 46 to be deployed with the tubular stent 20 downstream of the tubular graft 12 when there is no upstream landing place for the tubular stent 20. A second internal stent, such as the internal stent 27 of FIG. 1, then is deployed to open the tubular graft 12. In this embodiment, the wind sock effect does not occur.

[0059] A fourth embodiment of the endovascular stent/graft assembly is identified by the numeral 50 in FIG. 12. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 50 is a variation of the stent/graft assembly 46 of FIG. 11 in that a plurality of wires 52 extend axially from the stent 20 substantially to the downstream end 16 of the tubular graft 12 where the wires 52 are affixed to the tubular graft 12. The stent/graft assembly 50 prevents axial collapsing of the tubular stent 20, substantially as with the embodiment of FIG. 11. However, the wires 52 will further provide radially support for the tubular graft 12 and will resist radially collapsing of the graft 12.

[0060] A fifth embodiment of the endovascular stent/graft assembly is identified by the numeral 54 in FIGS. 13 and 14. The stent/graft assembly 54 is similar to the stent/graft assemblies of FIGS. 11 and 12. However, the axially aligned wires of the previous embodiment are replaced with a coil 56. The coil 56 may be anchored to the tubular stent 20 or to the upstream end 14 of the tubular graft 12 for affixation to the downstream end 16 of the tubular graft 12. The coil 56 resists axially collapsing and will assist with axial extension in response to any axial collapse that does occur. Additionally, the coil 56 provides greater outwardly directed radially forces on the tubular graft 12 then either of the previous embodiments.

[0061] The endovascular stent/graft assembly 32 of FIG. 7 shows that a plurality of stents 20, 34 can be assembled with a single tubular graft 12. The principles embodied in FIG. 7 can be employed further to develop more complex modular assemblies. For example, FIG. 15 shows a modular assembly for repairing vascular anomalies in the region where the abdominal aorta 42 meets the right iliac artery 40 and the left iliac artery 44. In particular, the modular endovascular stent/graft assembly 58 comprises a first modular subassembly 60 with a first tubular stent 62 with an upstream end 64 and an opposed downstream end 66. The first modular subassembly 60 further comprises a first tubular graft 68 with an upstream end 70 connected substantially in end-to-end axial relationship with the downstream end 66 of the first stent 62. The first tubular graft 68 further includes a downstream end 72. The first modular component 60 is deployed from a right leg approach into the right iliac artery 40. The first tubular stent 62 then is advanced sufficiently into the abdominal aorta 42 for the first tubular stent 62 to be upstream of the aneurysm or other vascular abnormality in the abdominal aorta 42.

[0062] The modular assembly 60 further includes a second tubular stent 74 that is mounted unrestrained in the first tubular graft 68 at a location downstream from or within the aneurysm. The first tubular graft 68 further includes tubular exit 76 at a location between the second tubular stent 74 and the downstream end 72 of the first tubular graft. The second tubular stent 74 preferably is cross-sectionally larger than both the exit 76 and portions of the first tubular graft 68 in proximity to the exit 70. Thus, the unrestrained second tubular stent 74 will not slip longitudinally into either the exit 76 or downstream portions of the first tubular graft 68.

[0063] The assembly 58 further includes a second tubular graft 78 with an upstream end 80 and a downstream end 81. The second tubular graft 78 is deployed from a left leg approach into the left iliac artery 44 and is advanced through the exit 76 of the first tubular graft 68. The upstream end 80 of the second tubular graft 78 is connected substantially end-to-end with the second tubular stent 74. Internal stents then may be inserted, such as the internal stent 27 described with respect to the first embodiment.

[0064] A seventh embodiment of the endovascular stent/graft assembly of the subject invention is identified generally by the numeral 82 in FIG. 16. The assembly 82 comprises first and second endovascular stent/graft subassemblies 83 and 84. The first subassembly 83 comprises a first stent 85 and a first tubular graft 86. Similarly, the second subassembly 84 comprises a second stent 87 and a second graft 88. The assembly 82 further includes a generally disc-like drum secured in the abdominal aorta 42 at a location upstream of the aneurysm. The drum 90 has first and second mounting apertures 92 and 94 through which portions of the first and second tubular grafts 86 and 88 extend. The extreme upstream ends of the tubular grafts 86 and 88 are secured respectively in end-to-end relationship with the downstream end of the first and second tubular stents 85 and 87, while the downstream ends of the tubular grafts 86 and 88 are disposed respectively in the right and left iliac arteries 40 and 44. The drum or disc 90 prevents blood from flowing around the tubular grafts 86 and 88 and into the region of the aneurysm where blood pressure could cause a rupture of the aneurysm. The stents 85 and 87 provide a secure mounting of the endovascular stent/graft assembly 82 relative to the aneurysm, and prevent any parts of the assembly 82 from migrating downstream due to the pressure of the blood flow. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 82 of FIG. 16 is used in combination with internal stents, such as the internal stent 27 in FIG. 1, that are introduced to the tubular grafts 86 and 88 after complete implantation of portions of the assembly 82 depicted in FIG. 16. Additionally, the assembly 82 may be used in combination with one or two downstream stents, or other fixation devices secured to downstream ends of the respective tubular grafts 86 and 88.

[0065] An eighth embodiment of the endovascular stent/graft assembly of the subject invention is identified generally by the numeral 96 in FIG. 17. The stent/graft assembly 96 is designed in recognition of the fact that somewhat less than half of all patients have a neck defined in the abdominal aorta immediately upstream of the aneurysm. The neck is aligned to the aneurysm at an angle of less than 180°. Endovascular stent/graft assemblies exhibit some flexibility. Thus, a conventional cylindrical endovascular stent/graft assembly can be biased into a noncylindrical curved shape that conforms to the shape of the neck adjacent the aneurysm. However, an initially cylindrical stent/graft assembly with a linear axis of symmetry that is biased into a curved noncylindrical shape will exhibit internal resiliency that will tend to return the stent/graft assembly back to an unbiased cylindrical configuration.

[0066] A stent/graft assembly that initially is concentric about a linear axis and then is bent to be concentric about a curved axis will cause portions of the stent/graft assembly on the outside of the curve to circumscribe a smaller arc angle than portions of the stent/graft assembly more inwardly on the curve. As a result, portions of the cylindrical stent/graft assembly that initially are concentric about a linear axis and then are curved to be concentric about a curved axis will be affixed less securely in healthy regions of the blood vessel upstream from the aneurysm and on the outside of the curve of the stent/graft assembly. This configuration is illustrated by the broken line on the endovascular stent/graft assembly 96 shown in FIG. 17. It will be appreciated that even minor shifting of the endovascular stent/graft assembly after implantation can result in catastrophic leaks between the stent/graft assembly and the aneurysm.

[0067] To avoid the above-described problems, the endovascular stent/graft assembly 96 shown in FIG. 17 is preformed to be unbiased in a curved condition symmetrical about a curved axis. Thus, the stent/graft assembly 96 can be considered to define a section of torus. Additionally, the upstream end 97 is substantially perpendicular to the curved axis of the stent/graft assembly. This requires the stent/graft assembly 96 to be longer on the outside of the curve than on the inside of the curve so that portions of the stent/graft assembly 96 circumscribes substantially equal angles on both inner and outer extremes of the curved stent/graft assembly 96. The curve in the endovascular stent/graft assembly 96 can be achieved by providing longitudinally extending fibers or filaments in the stent and/or the graft that have a preset curve, and aligning the curve filaments, fibers or wires to be substantially parallel with one another. Alternatively, longitudinal extending filaments, fibers or wires on one side of the curve endovascular stent/graft assembly 96 may be shorter than those on the opposite longitudinal side. Still further, a preset unbiased curved can be achieved by appropriate heat treatment of an initially cylindrical stent.

[0068] The stent/graft assembly 96 can be biased from its preset curved or toroidal condition back into a substantially cylindrical condition for deployment. This biased cylindrical shape can be maintained by the introducer that is use during deployment. The introducer is removed substantially in the conventional manner after proper positioning of the stent/graft assembly 96. At that time, the stent/graft assembly 96 will be released from its biased cylindrical configuration and will return to its preset unbiased curved or toroidal configuration substantially confirming to the shape imparted by the neck upstream from the aneurysm. The preceding embodiments all relate to stent/graft assemblies where the graft is fixed in substantially end-to-end relationship with the stent. Such a configuration also is acceptable for the stent/graft assembly 96. However, the curved stent/graft assembly 96 also is effective for those situations where the stent and the graft are longitudinally coextensive with one another and where the upstream and downstream ends of both the stent and the graft are at the same or similar axial positions.

[0069]FIG. 18 shows an angulated endovascular stent/graft assembly 196 that is provided for situations similar to those described above with respect to FIG. 17. The endovascular stent/graft assembly 196 includes a stent 196 with an upstream end 200, a downstream end 202 and a longitudinal axis 204 extending therebetween. The upstream end 200 is aligned substantially orthogonal to the longitudinal axis 204 of the stent 198. The downstream end, however, is not perpendicular to the axis 204, and hence defines a beveled end. The stent/graft assembly 196 further includes a tubular graft 206 having an upstream end 208, and downstream end 210 and an axis 212 extending between the ends. The downstream end 210 is aligned substantially orthogonal to the axis 212. However, the upstream end 208 is not orthogonal to the axis 212. Hence, the upstream end 208 defines a beveled end. The beveled upstream end 208 of the graft 206 is connected substantially and end-to-end relationship with the beveled downstream end 202 of the stent 198. As in the previous embodiments, the end-to-end connection can be achieved by sutures, bonding, adhesive, welding, hooks or the like. Additionally, as with the preceding embodiments, the substantially end-to-end connection may include a small amount of overlap sufficient to achieve the connection. The end-to-end connection of the beveled ends 202 and 208 of the stent 198 and the graft 206 respectively creates a bend that can more nearly approximate the shape of the blood vessel adjacent the angulated neck upstream of the aneurysm. This alternate embodiment provides certain practicalities over the embodiment of FIG. 17. For example, the angle of bend can be controlled precisely by effectively mitering the ends at an appropriate angle. Second, insertion can be easier than with a stent/graft assembly that is curved along its length. In this latter regard, it will be appreciated that the graft 206 is very flexible and during insertion will collapse and readily follow the stent 198 as the stent 198 is inserted generally along its axis 204.

[0070]FIG. 19 shows an endovascular stent/graft assembly 98 with a stent 20, substantially identical to the stents 20 described and illustrated above. More particularly, the stent 20 of the assembly 98 in FIG. 19 has opposed upstream and downstream ends 22 and 24. The assembly 98 includes a one piece bifurcated graft 100. The graft 100 includes an upstream end 102 that is fixed in substantially end-to-end axial engagement with the downstream end 24 of the stent 20. Additionally, the graft 100 includes two downstream legs 104 and 106 for disposition respectively in the right and left iliac arteries 40 and 44. The one piece bifurcated graft 100 of FIG. 19 eliminates some of the intraoperative assembly required with the modular system of FIG. 15. The bifurcated graft 100 is used with one or more internal stents that are deployed after insertion substantially as described with respect to the other embodiments. Additionally, downstream stents can be affixed to either of the downstream legs 104 and 106.

[0071] Variations of the FIG. 19 embodiment also may be provided. For example, more than two legs may be provided. Furthermore the stent 20 may have branches intermediate its length, and tubular grafts may be connected in substantially end-to-end relationship with the branches of the stent.

[0072] An example of a variation of the FIG. 19 embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 20. In particular, FIG. 19 shows an endovascular stent/graft assembly 198 with a stent 20 identical to the stent 20 described and illustrated above. The assembly 198 includes a graft 200 with a tubular upstream end 202 connected to the downstream end 24 of the stent 20. The graft 200 also has a tubular downstream end 204 and three tubular branches 206, 208 and 210 extending transversely from intermediate positions along the graft 200. FIG. 20 shows the endovascular stent/graft assembly 198 deployed for treating an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta 212. The tubular branches 206, 208 and 210 extend to arteries that branch from the thoracic aorta 212, including the left subclavian artery 216, the left carotid artery 218 and the brachiocephalic artery 220.

[0073] In many instances, small blood vessels will communicate with portions of the abdominal aorta that have the aneurysm. Blood delivered by these blood vessels can increase pressure between the aneurysm and the graft. Such pressure can lead to a rupture of the aneurysm and/or damage to the graft. The endovascular graft assembly 108 of FIG. 21 is specifically configured to occlude small side blood vessels that lead into the aneurysm. More particularly, the assembly 108 includes an outer stent/graft subassembly 110 that comprises an upstream tubular stent 112 and a downstream expandable graft 114. The stent 112 and graft 114 are connected in substantially end-to-end axial alignment as described and illustrated with respect to the other embodiments herein. The downstream graft 114 of the outer stent/graft subassembly 110 differs from the tubular grafts described and illustrated above. More particularly, the outer graft 114 may be a synthetic fabric or a detachable balloon that has been used in the prior art. Specifically, the outer graft 114 can be expanded radially to conform substantially to the shape of the aneurysm and to thereby occlude the small blood vessels that lead into the aneurysm. The assembly 108 further includes an inner stent/graft subassembly 116 that has an upstream stent 118 and a downstream tubular graft 120. The inner subassembly 116 may be substantially identical to the endovascular stent/graft assembly 10 described with respect to FIG. 1 and other embodiments set forth above. Thus, the tubular graft 120 of the inner subassembly 116 is not expandable. An inner stent similar to the inner stent 27 described and illustrated above may extend through the tubular graft 120. The space between the inner and outer graft 114 and 120 may be filled with blood, a contrast liquid, an adhesive or water. Variations of this embodiment may include a detachable balloon between the inner graft 120 and the expandable outer graft 114. Alternatively, the detachable balloon may make the separate inner graft unnecessary. Still further, the detachable balloon may make a separate internal stent for the outer graft unnecessary.

[0074]FIG. 22 shows a stent/graft assembly 310 that incorporate features of the assemblies shown in FIGS. 1-4B. In particular, the stent/graft assembly 310 includes a graft 312 and a stent 320 that are connected substantially in end-to-end relationship. As in the preceding embodiment, the stent 20 is intended for disposition adjacent a healthy section of the blood vessel upstream from an aneurysm. The tubular graft 312 typically will extend downstream from the stent 320 across an aneurysm and into a location downstream from the aneurysm. However, many such aneurysms occur in the abdominal aorta slightly downstream from the renal arteries. The stent 320 often will take the form of a tubular wire mesh that normally should permit a blood flow through the tubular mesh and into the renal arteries. However, the tubular mesh of the stent 320 can become blocked by materials flowing in the blood. Blockage of the renal arteries can lead to kidney failure and is more likely to occur with the wire mesh stent in place than without the wire mesh. Hence, the implantation of the stent/graft assembly 10 of FIG. 1 in the abdominal aorta with the stent 320 aligned with the renal arteries could overcome the problems associated with the aneurysm, but could cause kidney problems due to blockage of the renal arteries. The FIGS. 4A and 4B embodiments provide one solution to that problem. FIG. 22 provides another solution without the use of the connecting wires of FIGS. 4A and 4B. In particular, the stent 320 of FIG. 22 has a downstream end 324 defined by a plurality of crenulations 325 that are separated by cutouts 326 that extend axially a sufficient distance to overlap the renal arteries and visceral arteries. The crenulations 325 at the downstream end 324 of the stent 320 are affixed in substantially end-to-end relationship with the upstream end of the tubular graft 312. The axially extending cutouts 326 permit unimpeded blood flow to the renal arteries and visceral arteries.

[0075]FIG. 23 shows still a further alternative embodiment that may be adopted as an alternate to the embodiments of FIG. 4B and FIG. 22. In particular, the assembly 410 in FIG. 23 includes a tubular graft 412 with an upstream end 414 and opposite downstream ends 416 positioned in the iliac arteries. The assembly 410 further includes wires 420 extending at least partly through the graft 412 and projecting upstream therefrom. Assembly 410 does not have a tubular stent comparable to the tubular stent 20 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Rather, the upstream ends of the wires 420 are formed with hooks or barbs 422 that permit anchoring of the assembly 410 in a healthy section of a blood vessel that may be upstream from the aneurysm. The embodiment of FIG. 23 also is well suited for treatment of an aneurysm in the abdominal aorta. In particular, the upstream end 414 of the graft 412 can be positioned between the aneurysm and the renal arteries. The wires 420 extend to locations in the abdominal aorta upstream from the renal arteries and upstream from the visceral arteries. Thus, as in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 4B and 22, blood flow to the renal arteries and the visceral arteries is substantially unimpeded.

[0076]FIG. 24 shows still another embodiment that may be adopted as an alternate to the embodiments of FIGS. 4B, 22 and 23. In particular, the assembly 510 in FIG. 24 includes a tubular graft 512 with an upstream end 514 and opposite downstream ends 516 positioned in the iliac arteries. The assembly 510 further includes a tubular stent 520 connected to the upstream end 514 of the tubular graft 512 in substantially end-to-end relationship. In the illustrated embodiment, the tubular stent 520 is positioned in the abdominal aorta at a location upstream from the renal arteries. Apertures 515 are formed in portions of the tubular graft 512 near the upstream end 514 to permit a flow of blood to the visceral arteries and the renal arteries. However, portions of the tubular graft 512 closer to the downstream ends 516 are substantially free of apertures. As illustrated in FIG. 24, these portions of the tubular graft 512 without the apertures bridge the aneurysm.

[0077] While the invention has been described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it is apparent that various changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, for each of the optional embodiments, and variations thereof, the substantially end-to-end stent-to-graft connections can be pure end-to-end abutment as depicted schematically in FIG. 2 or a slightly overlapped telescoped arrangement, as shown in FIG. 3. In other options, there may be a greater telescoping between the graft and stent prior to deployment and/or during deployment. However, the graft and stent then may be extended intraoperatively into the slightly overlapped relationship depicted in FIG. 3. Embodiments of the invention that show a curved stent/graft assembly with the stent and the graft substantially coextensive may comprise a single tubular graft with a plurality of stents disposed substantially in end-to-end relationship with one another or in axially spaced relationship to one another. At least certain of the stents may comprise a single ring or a short section of a helix. In these embodiments, the graft may be inside the one or more stents, outside the one or more stents or the assembly may have two tubular grafts disposed respectively inside and outside the one or more stents. Additionally, as noted above, at least a portion of a graft connected in end-to-end relationship with a stent may be connected preoperatively to its own stent. This later embodiment would not achieve a minimum cross-sectional dimension with a correspondingly easier insertion, but may achieve a more secure affixation than assemblies that rely upon only a coaxially coextensive stent and graft. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An endovascular stent/graft assembly, said assembly having an upstream end, and downstream end and a substantially tubular sidewall extending between said ends, said tubular sidewall being generated about a nonlinear axis extending between said ends.
 2. The stent/graft assembly of claim 1, wherein said tubular sidewall is concentric about the axis.
 3. The stent/graft assembly of claim 1, wherein said tubular sidewall defines a section of a torus.
 4. The stent/graft assembly of claim 1, wherein at least one of said upstream and downstream ends is aligned substantially orthogonal to portions of the axis adjacent the respective end.
 5. The stent/graft assembly of claim 1, comprising a generally tubular stent and generally tubular graft connected to the stent.
 6. The stent/graft assembly of claim 5, wherein the tubular graft and the tubular stent each have an upstream end and a downstream end, said upstream end of said tubular graft being substantially aligned with said upstream end of said tubular stent, said downstream end of said tubular graft being substantially aligned with said downstream end of said tubular stent such that said tubular graft and said tubular stent are substantially coextensive.
 7. The stent/graft assembly of claim 5, wherein the tubular graft and the tubular stent each have an upstream end and a downstream end, wherein the upstream end of the tubular graft is connected to the downstream end of the tubular stent in substantially end-to-end relationship.
 8. The stent/graft assembly of claim 7, wherein the downstream end of the tubular stent is beveled and not perpendicular to the axis.
 9. An endovascular stent/graft assembly for repairing a damaged section of a blood vessel, said blood vessel having first and second relatively healthy sections adjacent and on opposite ends of said damaged section, said assembly comprising: a stent means for directly contacting said first relatively healthy section of said blood vessel, said stent means being substantially tubular and having opposite first and second ends; and a substantially tubular graft means having a first end section for directly contacting said first relatively healthy section of said blood vessel, said first end section being fixedly connected with the second end of the stent means for achieving a substantially end-to-end connection, said graft means further having a second end section for directly contacting said second relatively healthy section of said blood vessel, such that portions of said graft means between said first and second end sections bridge said damaged section of said blood vessel, said stent means and said graft means being configured such that said endovascular stent/graft assembly is at least partly generated about a nonlinear axis between said first end of said stent means and said second end of said graft means.
 10. The endovascular stent/graft assembly of claim 9, wherein a stent means and the tubular graft means are generated about a curved axis extending substantially continuously between the first end of stent means and the second end of the graft means.
 11. The endovascular stent/graft assembly of claim 9, where in said second end of said stent means is connected to said first end of said graft means at an angle.
 12. An endovascular stent/graft assembly for repairing a damaged section of a blood vessel, said blood vessel having first and second relatively healthy sections adjacent and on opposite sides of said damaged section, said first and second relatively healthy sections being angularly aligned to one another, the assembly comprising: a substantially tubular stent for directly contacting said first relatively healthy section of said blood vessel, said stent having opposite first and second ends and an axis extending between said ends, said second end defining a bevel aligned at an acute angle to said axis; and a substantially tubular graft having opposite first and second ends and an axis extending between said ends, said first end defining a bevel aligned at an acute angle to the axis of the graft, the first end of the graft being connected to the second end of the stent so that the axis of the graft is aligned at an angle to the axis of the stent.
 13. An endovascular stent/graft assembly comprising a tubular graft having first and second axial ends and a passage extending between the ends, the assembly further comprising a tubular stent having first and second axial ends and a passage extending between the ends, said second end of said tubular stent being defined by a plurality of circumferentially spaced crenulations having axially extending cutouts therebetween, said first end of the tubular graft being connected substantially in end-to-end relationship with said crenulations at said second end of the tubular stent.
 14. An endovascular graft assembly comprising a tubular graft having first and second axial ends and a passage extending between the ends, the assembly further comprising a plurality of axially extending wires connected to said tubular graft at a location between said first and said second ends and projecting to free ends spaced axially beyond the tubular graft, the free ends of the wires being formed with hook means for mounting to a blood vessel. 